翻訳と辞書 Words near each other ・ Physical disability ・ Physical disorder ・ Physical education ・ Physical Education (Community) ・ Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom ・ Physical Education Complex ・ Physical Education Organization ・ Physical effect ・ Physical effects ・ Physical Energy (sculpture) ・ Physical etoys ・ Physical Evaluation Board ・ Physical Evidence ・ Physical examination ・ Physical exercise ・ Physical factors affecting microbial life ・ Physical Fatness ・ Physical fitness ・ Physical Fitness Badge ・ Physical force Irish republicanism ・ Physical Funk ・ Physical Funk (song) ・ Physical geodesy ・ Physical geography ・ Physical geography of Assam ・ Physical geography of the Basque Country ・ Physical Graffiti ・ Physical Ground ・ Physical hazard ・ Physical health in schizophrenia Dictionary Lists mini英和辞書 mini和英辞書 Webster 1913 Latin-English FOLDOC Wikipedia English ウィキペディア

翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Physical factors affecting microbial life ： ウィキペディア英語版 Physical factors affecting microbial life Microbes can be damaged or killed by elements of their physical environment such as temperature, radiation, or exposure to chemicals; these effects can be exploited in efforts to control pathogens, often for the purpose of food safety. ==Irradiation== Irradiation is the use of ionising gamma rays emitted by cobalt-60 and caesium-137, or, high-energy electrons and X-rays to inactivate microbial pathogens, particularly in the food industry. Bacteria such as ''Deinococcus radiodurans'' are particularly resistant to radiation, but are not pathogenic.〔(Food Irradiation )〕 Active microbes, such as ''Corynebacterium aquaticum'', ''Pseudomonas putida'', ''Comamonas acidovorans'', ''Gluconobacter cerinus'', ''Micrococcus diversus'' and ''Rhodococcus rhodochrous'', have been retrieved from spent nuclear fuel storage pools at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). These microbes were again exposed to controlled doses of radiation. All the species survived weaker radiation doses with little damage, while only the gram-positive species survived much larger doses. The spores of gram-positive bacteria contain storage proteins that bind tightly to DNA, possibly acting as a protective barrier to radiation damage. Ionising radiation kills cells indirectly by creating reactive free radicals. These free radicals can chemically alter sensitive macromolecules in the cell leading to their inactivation. Most of the cell's macromolecules are affected by ionising radiation, but damage to the DNA macromolecule is most often the cause of cell death, since DNA often contains only a single copy of its genes; proteins, on the other hand, often have several copies so that damage of one will not lead to cell death, and in any case may always be re-synthesized provided the DNA has remained intact.〔(''Irradiation of Microbes from Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage Pool Environments'' )〕 Ultraviolet radiation has been used as a germicide by both industry and medicine for more than a century (see Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation). Use of ultraviolet leads to both inactivation and the stimulating of mutations. A case study of an irradiated ''Escherichia coli'' population found a growing number of bacteriophage-resistant mutants induced by the light. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Physical factors affecting microbial life」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.